{"id":7151,"date":"2021-05-10T20:24:19","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T19:24:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/?p=7151"},"modified":"2021-07-10T13:00:33","modified_gmt":"2021-07-10T12:00:33","slug":"indefension-aprendida-definicion-caracteristicas-y-consecuencias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/gl\/indefension-aprendida-definicion-caracteristicas-y-consecuencias\/","title":{"rendered":"Indefensi\u00f3n aprendida: definici\u00f3n, caracter\u00edsticas e consecuencias"},"content":{"rendered":"A <strong>indefensi\u00f3n aprendida <\/strong>\u00e9 un rumbo psicol\u00f3xico que sucede cando unha persoa est\u00e1 exposta a unha situaci\u00f3n aversiva que infrinxe alg\u00fan tipo de dano xa sexa f\u00edsico ou psicol\u00f3xico pero sen capacidade de evitalo. Esta incapacidade de sa\u00edr ou a falta de recursos para afrontar este tipo de experiencia dani\u00f1a termina por xerar certa <strong>pasividade <\/strong>ante o feito ocorrido e unha percepci\u00f3n na persoa de falta de defensa posible que termina por asimilar esa crenza como a \u00fanica posibilidade<strong> perdendo aos poucos toda resposta de afrontamiento ao problema<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Este fen\u00f3meno psicol\u00f3xico \u00e9 de vital importancia para as nosas vidas xa que se ve reflectido en moitos tipos de problemas persoais relacionados en gran parte pola gran afectaci\u00f3n \u00e1 <strong>autoestima <\/strong>que produce esta situaci\u00f3n, xerando situaci\u00f3ns de ansiedade e depresi\u00f3n nas persoas que a padecen.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Artigo relacionado: <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/mejora-autoestima-fuente-bienestar-personal\/\">Mellora a t\u00faa autoestima fonte do noso benestar persoal<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nun primeiro momento, podemos pensar que \u00e9 dif\u00edcil ser v\u00edtimas de indefensi\u00f3n aprendida, pero \u00e9 un proceso que de aprendizaxe que se interioriza paulatinamente e que necesita dun contexto no que se interioriza esa imposibilidade de sa\u00edda pesar habelo tentado todo dalgunha forma previamente. \u00c9 dicir, non cae de primeiras na indefensi\u00f3n sen\u00f3n que \u00e9 froito de intentos de afrontamiento non frut\u00edferos.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>As\u00ed se descubriu a indefensi\u00f3n aprendida: primeiro estudo<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Overmier e Seligman<\/strong> (1967) foron os descubridores deste fen\u00f3meno psicol\u00f3xico nun experimento con cans aos cales someteu a dous cans a descargas el\u00e9ctricas. O primeiro deles pod\u00eda evitar a descarga pulsando unha panca mentres que o segundo non pod\u00eda escapar da descarga, por moito que o tentase con outros m\u00e9todos.<\/p>\n<p>Posteriormente, puxo aos dous cans nunha situaci\u00f3n baixo as mesmas condici\u00f3ns e observaron que mentres que o primeiro sab\u00eda que poder\u00eda escapar porque previamente experimentouno logrou sa\u00edr da trampa el\u00e9ctrica saltando \u00e1 zona segura, o segundo can optou por permanecer na mesma situaci\u00f3n sen facer nada nin tentar evitar as descargas. Xerara unha aprendizaxe de indefensi\u00f3n ante un est\u00edmulo externo.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Caracter\u00edsticas da indefensi\u00f3n aprendida<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Posteriormente ao estudo inicial antes nomeado de <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/regalos\/\">Seligman<\/a>, este importante psic\u00f3logo sigo estudando o fen\u00f3meno e comprobou os seus efectos sobre os humanos, reforzado ademais pola<strong> teor\u00eda da atribuci\u00f3n<\/strong>, pola cal lle indefensi\u00f3n ser\u00e1 maior en funci\u00f3n do estilo atributivo de cada persoa en relaci\u00f3n \u00e1s causas atribu\u00edbles \u00e1 non continxencia.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Artigo relacionado: <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/optimismo-realista-invulnerabilidad-vaso-medio-lleno-medio-vacio\/\">Optimismo realista: que \u00e9 mellor ver o vaso medio cheo ou medio baleiro?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A atribuci\u00f3n interna, estable e global das causas que xeran o malestar crean maior indefensi\u00f3n aprendida e afectan m\u00e1is \u00e1 autoestima que si se atrib\u00faen a causas externas, inestables e espec\u00edficas. Por iso, si os fracasos atrib\u00faense a factores internos estables e os \u00e9xitos a factores externos situacionais esa persoa ser\u00e1 m\u00e1is facilmente v\u00edtima de fracasos escolares, laborais, familiares, etc., debido a esa indefensi\u00f3n aprendida e as crenzas irracionais\u00a0 xeradas.<\/p>\n<p>Exemplo de indefensi\u00f3n aprendidapor mala atribuci\u00f3n no mundo do <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/psicologia\/deporte\/\">deporte<\/a>: \u201c<em>Non son capaz de marcar un gol porque non te\u00f1o suficiente talento, o gol que marquei o outro d\u00eda foi de sorte porque o porteiro era malo\u201d.\u00a0 <\/em>D\u00e9ficits xerados<\/p>\n<p>Tres son os grandes d\u00e9ficits que Seligman atopou nos individuos que xeraban indefensi\u00f3n aprendida:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Motivacionales<\/strong>: atraso no inicio de respostas voluntarias.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cognitivos<\/strong>: dificultade para aprender posteriormente unha resposta controlada cando previamente non foi controlada.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Emocionais<\/strong>: prod\u00facense desordes conductuales e fisiol\u00f3gicos t\u00edpicos da ansiedade, tensi\u00f3n, medo, bloqueo e posterior depresi\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>S\u00edntomas de indefensi\u00f3n<\/h3>\n<p>Relacionados con estes d\u00e9ficits at\u00f3panse outros s\u00edntomas xerais como son:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Menor competitividade e agresividade <\/strong>ante outras situaci\u00f3ns similares: generalizaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Falso pensamento de derrota e resignaci\u00f3n<\/strong>. A persoa non lograr\u00e1 asimilar que poder\u00e1 ter \u00e9xito nalg\u00fan momento.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pasividade<\/strong>. Falta de procura de soluci\u00f3ns, mente en branco e bloqueos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pensamentos distorsionados<\/strong> ou falsas xustificaci\u00f3ns e outros <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/los-sesgos-cognitivos-afectan-nuestras-decisiones-diarias\/\"><strong>rumbos cognitivos<\/strong><\/a>, como o rumbo de confirmaci\u00f3n (dar credibilidade \u00e1 informaci\u00f3n que confirme a crenza establecida como certa). Prod\u00facense<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> d\u00e9ficits no <a href=\"https:\/\/canalpsico.com\/como-procesa-el-cerebro-la-informacion-compleja\/\">procesamento da informaci\u00f3n<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Estado de \u00e1nimo negativo.<\/strong> Producirase certa transferencia cara a un sentimento de pesimismo e<strong> negatividad ante a vida en xeral. Vinculado obviamente a unha <\/strong>baixa autoestima.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Problemas emocionais.<\/strong> Falta de empat\u00eda, automotivaci\u00f3n e autocontrol emocional que poden minorar a <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/componentes-la-inteligencia-emocional\/\"><strong>intelixencia emocional<\/strong><\/a> da persoa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Como nos afecta a indefensi\u00f3n aprendida?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Esta actitude de resignaci\u00f3n ante unha situaci\u00f3n incontrolable podemos atopala en moitos \u00e1mbitos da nosa vida e todos somos vulnerables, en menor ou maior proporci\u00f3n, a ser v\u00edtimas de indefensi\u00f3n aprendida:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Violencia de x\u00e9nero ou no \u00e1mbito familiar<\/strong>. Cando unha persoa sofre violencia dentro da s\u00faa propia casa, tenta sa\u00edr dela pero non o consegue termina por crear unha personalidade pasiva sobre e aguantando a violencia coma se fose a \u00fanica forma de vivir. Por desgraza, as v\u00edtimas de <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/cual-es-la-importancia-de-los-talleres-de-violencia-de-genero\/\">violencia de x\u00e9nero<\/a> son moi propensas a xerar indefensi\u00f3n aprendida.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Bullying<\/em> ou acoso escolar<\/strong>. Cada vez son m\u00e1is os alumnos que sofren <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/4-estrategias-en-educacion-para-prevenir-el-acoso-escolar\/\">acoso escolar<\/a> e que senten incomprendidos tanto polos seus propios compa\u00f1eiros, amigos ou mesmo profesores e tenden a deixarse levar por ela, o que minora paulatinamente a s\u00faa autoestima.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Burnout <\/em>ou acoso laboral.<\/strong> Similar ao caso do acoso escolar, en ocasi\u00f3ns cons\u00e9ntese situaci\u00f3ns de malos tratos laborais por non ser capaces de sa\u00edr ou reconducir a s\u00faa vida laboral doutra forma.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Problemas no \u00e1mbito do deporte<\/strong>. Cando un xogador falla constantemente nos seus intentos por realizar un exercicio ou obxectivo deportivo (marcar goles), \u00e9 facilmente sensible a xerar certa indefensi\u00f3n aprendidasobre a actividade que minora o seu rendemento.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9ficit na resoluci\u00f3n de problemas e aprendizaxe xeral<\/strong>. Xera problemas nos estudos ou nos proxectos persoais ou laborais que terminan por dar por imposibles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trastornos mentais e emocionados.<\/strong> Existen moitos trastornos mentais relacionados con este tipo de aprendizaxe irracional, desde problemas de depresi\u00f3n, ansiedade ou trastornos da personalidade ou trastornos alimenticios. O non lograr sa\u00edr dun problema como a depresi\u00f3n, a pesar dos intentos, xera un bucle na persoa que mesmo termina por frustrar creando polo tanto esta indefensi\u00f3n aprendidacoa que convivir\u00e1 conxunto coa s\u00faa enfermidade mental.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Problemas de adicci\u00f3ns<\/strong>. Cando se xera unha dependencia sobre unha sustancia ou comportamento e esa necesidade inst\u00e1urase tan dentro da persoa que lle xera xa malestar pero \u00e1 s\u00faa vez os seus intentos de sa\u00edr dela son inocuos term\u00ednase tam\u00e9n por xerar indefensi\u00f3n aprendida, que dificultar\u00e1 a\u00ednda m\u00e1is o tratamento para a desintoxicaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psicolox\u00eda pol\u00edtica e persuasi\u00f3n<\/strong>. Algunhas mensaxes pol\u00edticas poden procurar xerar unha sensaci\u00f3n de desamparo para manipular mellor a s\u00faa audiencia xerando falsas crenzas sobre un feito determinado que busca un bloqueo emocional que s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 lanzado pola persoa que lanza a mensaxe, na procura deses votos ou cambio de ideolox\u00eda. Por tanto, pode ser usada en propaganda e publicidade.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Situaci\u00f3ns de \u201cpeche\u201d <\/strong>voluntario ou involuntario. En situaci\u00f3ns de peche tales como centros penais ou mesmo residencias de anci\u00e1ns, cando vemos limitada a nosa capacidade de tomar decisi\u00f3ns ou p\u00f3r medidas para mellorar a nosa vivencia. En gran parte, isto tam\u00e9n se vive en contornas de <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/distintas-caras-confinamiento-vuelta-normalidad-aspectos-psicologicos\/\"><strong>confinamento<\/strong><\/a>, como o que vivimos coa pandemia actual do <a href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/miedo-al-coronavirus-recomendaciones-para-mantener-la-calma\/\">coronavirus<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Referencias<\/h3>\n<p>Overmier, J.B., Seligman, M.E.P. (1967). Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoid-dance responding. <em>Journal Of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 63<\/em>,1, 28-33<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A indefensi\u00f3n aprendida \u00e9 un rumbo psicol\u00f3xico que sucede cando unha persoa est\u00e1 exposta a unha situaci\u00f3n aversiva que infrinxe alg\u00fan tipo de dano xa sexa f\u00edsico ou psicol\u00f3xico pero sen capacidade de evitalo. Esta incapacidade de sa\u00edr ou a falta de recursos para afrontar este tipo de experiencia dani\u00f1a termina por xerar certa pasividade [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7153,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,93,8],"tags":[35,47,337,49,650,11,195,12],"class_list":["post-7151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educacion","category-salud","category-social","tag-ansiedad-2","tag-deporte-2","tag-depresion","tag-educacion","tag-experimentos","tag-psicologia","tag-salud","tag-social"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Indefensi\u00f3n aprendida: definici\u00f3n, caracter\u00edsticas e consecuencias - PsicoPico<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La indefensi\u00f3n aprendida es un sesgo psicol\u00f3gico que sucede cuando nos exponemos a una situaci\u00f3n aversiva pero sin capacidad de evitarla.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/indefension-aprendida-definicion-caracteristicas-y-consecuencias\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Indefensi\u00f3n aprendida: definici\u00f3n, caracter\u00edsticas e consecuencias - 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