{"id":4988,"date":"2019-05-29T12:51:29","date_gmt":"2019-05-29T11:51:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/?p=4988"},"modified":"2019-05-29T13:09:55","modified_gmt":"2019-05-29T12:09:55","slug":"la-teoria-del-desarrollo-cognitivo-de-piaget","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/gl\/la-teoria-del-desarrollo-cognitivo-de-piaget\/","title":{"rendered":"A Teor\u00eda do Desenvolvemento Cognitivo de Piaget"},"content":{"rendered":"

Son varias as teor\u00edas sobre o desenvolvemento cognitivo<\/strong><\/a> que diferentes autores postularon ao longo dos anos (Shaie, Vygotsky…) pero sen d\u00fabida o traballo do psic\u00f3logo su\u00edzo Jean Piaget<\/strong> (1896-1980) \u00e9 unha da m\u00e1is estendida e unha referencia para o resto de teor\u00edas da psicolox\u00eda do desenvolvemento ou evolutiva.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

Epistemolox\u00eda xen\u00e9tica.<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

A teor\u00eda piagetiana<\/strong> part\u00eda dun sistema filos\u00f3fico sobre unha base biol\u00f3xica do co\u00f1ecemento. O problema filos\u00f3fico do que part\u00eda Piaget \u00e9 unha cuesti\u00f3n epistemol\u00f3gica, o que \u00e9 e como se produce o co\u00f1ecemento, abordada de forma emp\u00edrica sobre os supostos biol\u00f3xicos e a investigaci\u00f3n psic\u00f3logica. Por tanto, a esa cuesti\u00f3n epistemol\u00f3gica eng\u00e1daselle a cuesti\u00f3n ontog\u00e9nica, o como se desenvolve ese co\u00f1ecemento adquirido. O que se termina co\u00f1ecendo como epistemolox\u00eda xen\u00e9tica<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

Para Piaget hai unha verdade fundamental: a continuidade funcional<\/strong> que existe entre a vida e o pensamento. Por tanto, deduce que non existe discontinuidad entre o pensamento do neno, o do adulto e o cient\u00edfico, sen\u00f3n que ese pensamento vaise xerando uns a partir doutros desde a base biol\u00f3xica previa. A novidade<\/strong> \u00e9 o que caracteriza principalmente ao co\u00f1ecemento.\u00a0 O incremento do co\u00f1ecemento e como se elaboran as novas estruturas do mesmo a partir das precedentes \u00e9 o problema ao que tenta dar resposta a epistemolox\u00eda xen\u00e9tica que prop\u00f3n Piaget. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

O co\u00f1ecemento prov\u00e9n das interacci\u00f3ns entre o suxeito e os obxectos, as cales implican actividades interdependientes entre eles segundo un proceso continuo e en espiral que o suxeito deber\u00e1 ir aprendendo a coordinar para implementar novas acci\u00f3ns a partir das anteriores.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

Procesos de cambio.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

Estes procesos de cambio prod\u00facense a partir de dous procesos complementarios e inseparables: a adaptaci\u00f3n e a organizaci\u00f3n.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n
  • Adaptaci\u00f3n<\/strong> (plano externo), prod\u00facese cando na interacci\u00f3n do individuo co medio, o organismo experimenta cambios beneficiosos \u00fatiles para a supervivencia. Dentro da adptaci\u00f3n existen dous procesos b\u00e1sicos fundamentais desde o punto de vista biol\u00f3xico e intelectual:\u00a0\r\n
      \r\n
    • Asimilaci\u00f3n<\/strong>: proceso polo que as estruturas psicol\u00f3xicas previas imponse aos novos elementos modific\u00e1ndoos para integralos no co\u00f1ecemento. O organismo responde a un est\u00edmulo porque xa pos\u00fae un esquema ou estrutura psicol\u00f3xica para poder interpretalo.\u00a0<\/li>\r\n
    • Acomodaci\u00f3n<\/strong>: proceso polo que se modifican as estruturas psicol\u00f3xicas internas en funci\u00f3n das variaci\u00f3ns das condici\u00f3ns externas. Ax\u00fastanse os esquemas previos para facelos consistentes coas novas experiencias.\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n
    • Organizaci\u00f3n<\/strong> (plano interno), proceso polo cal se van integrando eses cambios mediante reestruturaci\u00f3ns internas do sistema no seu conxunto.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

      As estruturas psicol\u00f3xicas, segundo Piaget.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n

      A organizaci\u00f3n interna parte dos conceptos acci\u00f3n, esquema ou estrutura psicol\u00f3xica.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

      Acci\u00f3n<\/strong>: medio polo cal o suxeito entra en contacto cos obxectos para co\u00f1ecelos e modificalos e ser fonte de co\u00f1ecemento a trav\u00e9s do axuste do esquema subxacente xen\u00e9rico para asimilar o obxecto.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

      Esquema<\/strong>: aquilo que hai repetible e generalizable nunha acci\u00f3n. Por tanto, \u00e9 un patr\u00f3n de conduta organizado, considerado como a unidade b\u00e1sica do funcionamento cognitivo.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

      Os estadios do desenvolvemento, segundo Piaget.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

      Tendo en base unha organizaci\u00f3n sincr\u00f3nica ou horizontal das acci\u00f3ns e esquemas ou estruturas psicol\u00f3xicas o desenvolvemento cognitivo conc\u00edbese como un proceso mediante o cal os esquemas de acci\u00f3n vanse diferenciando e diversificando a partir das formas m\u00e1is elementais at\u00e9 as m\u00e1is complexas. Ademais, ese desenvolvemento forma parte dun proceso de combinaci\u00f3n e coordinaci\u00f3n de todas as estruturas do conxunto que permiten as\u00ed falar de diferentes niveis ou estadios evolutivos:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

      Sobre estes cimentos, evolucionan o famosos catro estadios do desenvolvemento segundo Piaget, tam\u00e9n chamados per\u00edodos ou niveis:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

        \r\n
      1. Per\u00edodo do desenvolvemento sensoriomotor<\/strong>: prod\u00facese entre 0-2 anos
        aproximadamente. A evoluci\u00f3n da intelixencia bas\u00e9ase en sensaci\u00f3ns e en ir explorando repetitivamente os obxectos que rodean ao neno ou nena.<\/li>\r\n
      2. Per\u00edodo preoperatorio ou etapa representativa<\/strong>: at\u00e9 os 7-8 anos. O neno ou nena a comeza a expresar o que quere, incorporando algo que lle diferencia doutros seres vivos: a linguaxe. Utiliza a imitaci\u00f3n ou os xogos como v\u00eda de comunicaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\r\n
      3. Per\u00edodo das operaci\u00f3ns concretas:<\/strong> de 7-11 anos. O neno ou nena \u00e9
        capaz de ordenar, clasificar e relacionar as cousas aplicando a l\u00f3xica.<\/li>\r\n
      4. Per\u00edodo das operaci\u00f3ns abstractas ou formais:<\/strong> at\u00e9 os 15 anos. O neno ou nena \u00e9 capaz de relacionar operaci\u00f3ns abstractas: parte de
        hip\u00f3tese, val\u00f3raas e estuda e trata de solucionalas. Incorpora o
        pensamento adulto.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

        Tres son os criterios b\u00e1sicos que utilizo Piaget para identificar esas formas de organizaci\u00f3n estrutural:<\/p>\r\n

          \r\n
        1. Totalidades estruturadas<\/strong>, cada unha delas debe poder explicar a diversidade das condutas observadas no estadio correspondente.<\/li>\r\n
        2. Secuencia xeral dos estadios<\/strong>, debe quedar claro como se sit\u00faa cada etapa dentro da secuencia.\u00a0<\/li>\r\n
        3. Orde constante de sucesi\u00f3n<\/strong> nas distintas estruturas e estadios.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

          Estes son alg\u00fans dos postulados b\u00e1sicos da teor\u00eda do desenvolvemento cognitivo de Piaget, que \u00e9 moito m\u00e1is extensa e serviu de base para moitas outras teor\u00edas. Con todo, foi criticada en varios aspectos. Quizais a cr\u00edtica de maior repercusi\u00f3n \u00e9 o escaso papel que se lle atrib\u00fae \u00e1 linguaxe e os factores sociais dentro do desenvolvemento o cal \u00e9 paradoxal xa que a s\u00faa teor\u00eda bas\u00e9ase en informes verbais dos suxeitos.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

           <\/p>\r\n

           <\/p>\r\n

           <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4990,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[181,508,11],"class_list":["post-4988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educacion","tag-desarrollo","tag-evolucion","tag-psicologia"],"yoast_head":"\nA Teor\u00eda do Desenvolvemento Cognitivo de Piaget - PsicoPico<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/la-teoria-del-desarrollo-cognitivo-de-piaget\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Teor\u00eda do Desenvolvemento Cognitivo de Piaget - 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