{"id":2929,"date":"2017-03-04T14:55:10","date_gmt":"2017-03-04T13:55:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/psicopico.com\/?p=2929"},"modified":"2017-03-07T00:32:29","modified_gmt":"2017-03-06T23:32:29","slug":"diferencias-expertos-principiantes-la-solucion-problemas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/gl\/diferencias-expertos-principiantes-la-solucion-problemas\/","title":{"rendered":"Diferencias entre expertos e principiantes na soluci\u00f3n de problemas"},"content":{"rendered":"Luke Skywalker<\/strong>\u00a0antes de experto Jedi foi un principiante. No seu adestramento valeuse dos consellos do mestre Yoda que transmitiu a s\u00faa pericia coa Forza e a espada l\u00e1ser ao mozo Luke. Pero, que diferenza a un experto dun principiante?<\/p>\n

A capacidade das persoas para resolver problemas depende de dous factores cruciais: a cantidade de\u00a0co\u00f1ecemento<\/strong>\u00a0sobre un \u00e1mbito espec\u00edfico e a cantidade de\u00a0experiencia<\/strong>\u00a0que se te\u00f1a na soluci\u00f3n dunha clase particular de problemas.<\/p>\n

O co\u00f1ecemento nun \u00e1mbito concreto\u00a0\u00e9 fundamental para resolver problemas espec\u00edficos na vida diaria, pero resulta necesario tam\u00e9n o co\u00f1ecemento xeral. Este ref\u00edrese a un\u00a0co\u00f1ecemento amplo que non est\u00e1 vinculado a ning\u00fan \u00e1mbito espec\u00edfico<\/strong>\u00a0pero que \u00e9 necesario para levar a cabo as tarefas e soluci\u00f3ns de calquera tipo de problema. Poder\u00eda considerarse como\u00a0complementario do co\u00f1ecemento de \u00e1mbito<\/strong>\u00a0a\u00ednda que depende do centro de interese da tarefa.<\/p>\n

Exemplos de co\u00f1ecemento xeral son: redes declarativas representadas polo noso vocabulario, o co\u00f1ecemento en pol\u00edtica contempor\u00e1nea e o co\u00f1ecemento hist\u00f3rico; o co\u00f1ecemento procedimental necesario para falar; ou as habilidades metacognitivas comoa \u00a0intelixencia emocional<\/strong>. Estes co\u00f1ecementos poden chegar a ser case infinitos.<\/p>\n

Podemos dicir que o\u00a0co\u00f1ecemento espec\u00edfico<\/strong>\u00a0dun \u00e1mbito<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a amplitude do co\u00f1ecemento que te\u00f1en os individuos sobre un campo concreto de estudo que pode referirse a \u00e1reas de o\u00a0curriculum<\/em>\u00a0ou da actividade. Engl\u00f3banse aqu\u00ed os co\u00f1ecementos declarativos (que \u00e9?), procedimentales (como se fai?) e metacognitivos. Este co\u00f1ecemento pode operar a nivel t\u00e1cito ou expl\u00edcito. Esta\u00a0pericia<\/strong>\u00a0desenv\u00f3lvese lentamente debido en boa parte a este co\u00f1ecemento declarativo e a que se adquire t\u00e1citamente ao longo dun per\u00edodo longo de tempo proporcionando as\u00ed unha pericia, habilidade e eficacia maiores.<\/p>\n

>> Artigo relacionado:\u00a0Adestrar para adestrar: a importancia de formarse en competencias<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Caracter\u00edsticas do rendemento experto.<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Difer\u00e9ncianse sete caracter\u00edsticas do rendemento dos expertos.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Os expertos son bos s\u00f3 no seu propio campo<\/strong>, non son m\u00e1is competentes que os principiantes na soluci\u00f3n de problemas en campos que non lles son familiares.<\/li>\n
  2. Os expertos procesan a informaci\u00f3n en unidades grandes<\/strong>\u00a0e de maneira moito m\u00e1is eficaz que os principiantes.<\/li>\n
  3. Os expertos son m\u00e1is r\u00e1pidos que os principiantes no procesamiento da informaci\u00f3n significativa<\/strong>, xa que buscan e representan os problemas con m\u00e1is eficacia e con menos esforzo.<\/li>\n
  4. Os expertos almacenan m\u00e1is informaci\u00f3n<\/strong>\u00a0na memoria a curto prazo e na memoria a longo prazo polo que os expertos solucionan os problemas mellor, m\u00e1is rapidamente e dunha forma automatizada.<\/li>\n
  5. Os expertos representan os problemas con m\u00e1is profundidade.<\/strong>\u00a0Os expertos mostran m\u00e1is atenci\u00f3n na estrutura subxacente do problema en lugar de nos trazos superficiais.<\/li>\n
  6. Os expertos pasan m\u00e1is tempo analizando un problema ao comezo do proceso de soluci\u00f3n<\/strong>. Empregan unha proporci\u00f3n maior do tempo en identificar e representar o problema, en comparaci\u00f3n cos principiantes, a pesar de que usan moito menos tempo seleccionando a estratexia de soluci\u00f3n adecuada unha vez que lograron aclarar o problema. Os expertos ademais tenden a basearse en complexas estratexias condicionais para reducir o problema a subproblemas compo\u00f1entes menores.<\/li>\n
  7. Os expertos supervisan mellor o seu propio rendemento<\/strong>\u00a0que os principiantes na maior\u00eda de situaci\u00f3ns no seu \u00e1mbito de pericia. Os expertos son m\u00e1is proclives a xerar hip\u00f3teses alternativas antes de resolver o problema e son m\u00e1is r\u00e1pidos en rexeitar as soluci\u00f3ns inadecuadas durante o proceso de resoluci\u00f3n. Ademais, os expertos aval\u00edan a dificultade dos problemas con m\u00e1is precisi\u00f3n que os principiantes e formulan preguntas m\u00e1is pertinentes en todas as etapas do proceso de soluci\u00f3n dun problema.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    >> Artigo relacionado:\u00a0Como solucionar problemas en 5 fases.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

    Todas estas caracter\u00edsticas apuntan a unha conclusi\u00f3n simple sobre a\u00a0natureza das pericias<\/strong>: os expertos son m\u00e1is r\u00e1pidos, eficaces e m\u00e1is reflexivos a casusa da profundidade e amplitude dos seus co\u00f1ecementos.\u00a0Non se afirma que o co\u00f1ecemento garanta o rendemento do experto<\/strong>. A maior\u00eda dos investigadores est\u00e1n de acordo en que a verdadeira pericia sup\u00f3n unha complexa interacci\u00f3n entre as estratexias xerais de soluci\u00f3n de problemas e un amplo co\u00f1ecemento do \u00e1mbito.<\/p>\n

    Estes dous compo\u00f1entes conc\u00edbense mellor como procesos complementarios: o co\u00f1ecemento experto facilita o uso de estratexias, en tanto que o co\u00f1ecemento sobre estratexias xerais de\u00a0soluci\u00f3n de problemas<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0permite utilizar o co\u00f1ecemento experto con m\u00e1is eficacia.<\/p>\n

    Ser experto tam\u00e9n implica riscos.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Tres son os principais perigos que se poden atopar un experto \u00e1 hora de desenvolver a s\u00faa pericia: sacrificio, rixidez e efecto de punto cego.<\/p>\n

    Gran sacrificio.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    A pericia tam\u00e9n carrexa riscos e perigos como son a cantidade de tempo que \u00e9 necesario investir para desenvolvela, o cal se considera un\u00a0sacrificio persoal<\/strong>\u00a0demasiado grande nalgunhas ocasi\u00f3ns.<\/p>\n

    Rixidez conceptual.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Outro custo \u00e9 a\u00a0rixidez conceptual<\/strong>\u00a0que fai dif\u00edcil que o experto considere outros puntos de vista, de feito parece ir\u00f3nico que os expertos poidan correr un risco maior que os principiantes en certas situaci\u00f3ns por mor de dispor de m\u00e1is heur\u00edsticos e telos m\u00e1is automatizados.<\/p>\n

    Efecto do punto cego do experto.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Outro terceiro problema que poden ter os expertos \u00e9 o denominado\u00a0efecto do punto cego do experto<\/strong>, mediante o cal os expertos contemplan a soluci\u00f3n de problemas dos principiantes desde a perspectiva do experto, en lugar de facelo desde a perspectiva dun alumno principiante. Isto pode provocar que os profesores expertos pasen por alto as\u00a0necesidades evolutivas dos alumnos<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0principiantes e seleccionen un\u00a0curr\u00edculo<\/em>\u00a0excesivamente avanzado que requira que os alumnos empreguen principios organizativos e heur\u00edsticos expertos dos que non dispo\u00f1en. En xeral non se di que os expertos estean cegos, sen\u00f3n que act\u00faan con m\u00e1is rapidez e precisi\u00f3n que os principiantes.<\/p>\n

    Etapas do desenvolvemento da pericia.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    O desenvolvemento da pericia para converterse dun principiante nun experto desenv\u00f3lvese en etapas predicibles, pas\u00e1ndose por unha etapa inicial l\u00fadica, habitualmente nunha contorna familiar que presta apoio a iso seguido despois dunha etapa intermedia na que o principiante comeza a desenvolver principios de pericia e xa depende de mentores.<\/p>\n

    Finalmente na derradeira etapa xa se necesita un mestre consumado que axude ao individuo a desenrolar a pericia de forma competente e xa con completo compromiso psicol\u00f3xico, necesita o seu mestre Jedi.<\/p>\n

    >> Art\u00edculo relacionado: Destreza psicomotriz: fases da sua aprendizaxe<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

     ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Luke Skywalker\u00a0antes de experto Jedi foi un principiante. No seu adestramento valeuse dos consellos do mestre Yoda que transmitiu a s\u00faa pericia coa Forza e a espada l\u00e1ser ao mozo Luke. Pero, que diferenza a un experto dun principiante? A capacidade das persoas para resolver problemas depende de dous factores cruciais: a cantidade de\u00a0co\u00f1ecemento\u00a0sobre un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2930,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,26],"tags":[36,44,49,11],"class_list":["post-2929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educacion","category-organizaciones","tag-aprendizaje","tag-competencias","tag-educacion","tag-psicologia"],"yoast_head":"\nDiferencias entre expertos e principiantes na soluci\u00f3n de problemas - PsicoPico<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/diferencias-expertos-principiantes-la-solucion-problemas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Diferencias entre expertos e principiantes na soluci\u00f3n de problemas - PsicoPico\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Luke Skywalker\u00a0antes de experto Jedi foi un principiante. No seu adestramento valeuse dos consellos do mestre Yoda que transmitiu a s\u00faa pericia coa Forza e a espada l\u00e1ser ao mozo Luke. Pero, que diferenza a un experto dun principiante? 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