{"id":2070,"date":"2016-06-24T19:03:56","date_gmt":"2016-06-24T18:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/psicopico.com\/?p=2070"},"modified":"2023-02-25T17:52:50","modified_gmt":"2023-02-25T16:52:50","slug":"las-17-distorsiones-cognitivas-mas-frecuentes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/gl\/las-17-distorsiones-cognitivas-mas-frecuentes\/","title":{"rendered":"As 17 distorsi\u00f3ns cognitivas mais frecuentes"},"content":{"rendered":"Os procesos cognitivos son aquelas regras transformacionales a trav\u00e9s das que os suxeitos seleccionan a informaci\u00f3n que finalmente ser\u00e1 atendida, codificada e almacenada para a s\u00faa posterior recuperaci\u00f3n cando sexa necesaria. Normalmente para realizar esta tarefa o noso cerebro bas\u00e9ase na utilizaci\u00f3n de heur\u00edsticos, que son unhas regras que segue o cerebro de maneira inconsciente cando se lle exp\u00f3n un problema, reformul\u00e1ndolo para transformalo nun m\u00e1is sinxelo de resolver de maneira practicamente autom\u00e1tica. Con todo, este proceso pode dar lugar a rumbos cognitivos, que poden ser de \u00edndole negativa. Cando estes miolos negativos fan referencia a problemas emocioanes \u00e9 ao que Aaron Beck (1967) chamou distorsiones cognitivas.<\/p>\n

Estes esquemas negativos t\u00edpicos das persoas depresivas l\u00e9vanlles a cometer unha serie de erros de procesamiento da informaci\u00f3n, que lle permit\u00edan afianzar a validez das s\u00faas crenzas irracionais e mantendo as\u00ed o seu estado depresivo. Beck (1967) diferenciou primeiramente 6 distorsiones cognitivas, pero foi en 1979 cando Beck et ao., ampli\u00e1ronas a 11:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Pensamento de todo ou nada.<\/li>\n
  2. Sobregeneralizaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n
  3. Descontar o positivo.<\/li>\n
  4. Saltar \u00e1s conclusi\u00f3ns.<\/li>\n
  5. Ler a mente.<\/li>\n
  6. Adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n
  7. Magnificar\/minimizar.<\/li>\n
  8. Razoamento emocional.<\/li>\n
  9. Declaraci\u00f3ns de “deber\u00eda”.<\/li>\n
  10. Etiquetar.<\/li>\n
  11. Culpabilidade inapropiada.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    As 17 distorsiones cognitivas m\u00e1is frecuentes<\/h3>\n

    Finalmente, de entre todas as achegas tanto de Beck (1979) como doutros autores como Freeman e DeWolf (1992) ou Freeman e Oster (1999), Yurica e Dei
    \nTomasso (2004) recolleron as 17 distorsiones cognitivas m\u00e1is frecuentes para os terapeutas cognitivos presentes tanto en pacientes con depresi\u00f3n como en pacientes con outros trastornos. A continuaci\u00f3n explic\u00e1molas e damos alg\u00fans exemplos de cada unha delas:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Inferencia arbitraria. Tam\u00e9n denominada como “saltar \u00e1s conclusi\u00f3ns”. \u00c9 o proceso de obter unha conclusi\u00f3n negativa en ausencia dunha evidencia emp\u00edrica que a poida avalar de forma suficiente. Exemplo: “Non vou aprobar o exame porque son un desastre”.<\/li>\n
    2. Catastrofismo. D\u00e1se lugar cando se evalua unha situaci\u00f3n co peor resultado posible, tanto do vivido como do futuro. Exemplo: “\u00c9 mellor que non faga o exame porque o suspenderei e serei o peor”.<\/li>\n
    3. Comparaci\u00f3n. Cando se produce unha tendencia a compararse cos demais de maneira que se chega \u00e1 conclusi\u00f3n de que se \u00e9 moito peor que os demais. Exemplo: “A pesar de que estudo non consigo sacar mellores notas que o meu compa\u00f1eiro”.<\/li>\n
    4. Pensamento dicot\u00f3mico. \u00c9 dicir, cando o pensamento ou \u00e9 branco ou negro. Col\u00f3canse as experiencias propias ou dos demais en categor\u00edas que s\u00f3 te\u00f1en d\u00faas opci\u00f3ns opostas (bo\/malo; positivo\/negativo; posible\/imposible). Exemplo: “Se non saco un 10 no exame serei un perdedor”.<\/li>\n
    5. Descualificaci\u00f3n do positivo. Cando se descualifican as experiencias ou trazos positivos da persoa. Exemplo: “Aprobei o exame, pero foi de sorte.”<\/li>\n
    6. Razoamento emocional. Cando as opini\u00f3ns son formadas sobre un mesmo base\u00e1ndose s\u00f3 nas emoci\u00f3ns que experimenta o suxeito. Exemplo: “Te\u00f1o medo a subir ao avi\u00f3n, \u00e9 moi perigo voar” ou “Non vou tocar a ese can, os cans morden”.<\/li>\n
    7. Construci\u00f3n da val\u00eda persoal en base a opini\u00f3ns externas. Cando mantemos unha val\u00eda persoal en funci\u00f3n de terceiros. Exemplo: “O meu adestrador dime que son moi malo co bal\u00f3n, seguro que ten raz\u00f3n” (espero que ning\u00fan adestrador lle diga iso a un neno) ou “O meu noivo di que son parva, seguro que ten raz\u00f3n”.<\/li>\n
    8. Adivi\u00f1aci\u00f3n. Prognosticar un resultado negativo, unha emoci\u00f3n ou un acontecemento futuro e crerse esas predici\u00f3ns como verdadeiras. Exemplo: “Estou seguro de que a\u00ednda que estude poreime nervioso no exame” ou “seguro que fallo o penalti”.<\/li>\n
    9. Etiquetaxe. Cando unha persoa se etiqueta a un mesmo ou a outros de forma peyorativa. Exemplo: “Son feo”, “Son o peor xogador do mundo”.<\/li>\n
    10. Magnificaci\u00f3n. Tendencia a esaxerar o negativo dun trazo, situaci\u00f3n, acontencimiento ou persoa. Exemplo: “Fallei o penalti decisivo, acabouse a mi\u00f1a carreira deportiva.” ou “Non lle gustou o agasallo sorpresa, seguro que me deixa”.<\/li>\n
    11. Ler a mente. Cando unha persoa cre que outra est\u00e1 a pensar negativamente nela sen evidencia diso. Exemplo: “O meu pai pensa que son un in\u00fatil, a\u00ednda que non o diga”, “O adestrador no fondo non conf\u00eda en min”.<\/li>\n
    12. Minimizaci\u00f3n. Proceso polo cal se minimiza ou quita importancia a alg\u00fans sucesos, trazos ou circunstancias. Exemplo: “Deume un bico de boas noites pero poder\u00eda darme m\u00e1is”, “cham\u00e1ronme tres veces para sa\u00edr pero poder\u00edan chamarme m\u00e1is veces”, “S\u00f3 regaloume unha flor, non me quere”.<\/li>\n
    13. Sobregeneralizaci\u00f3n. Tr\u00e1tase de extraer conclusi\u00f3ns base\u00e1ndose nunhas poucas experiencias ou aplicalas a unha gama de situaci\u00f3ns non relacionadas. Exemplo: “Queim\u00f3useme a comida, nunca saberei facer nada correctamente”, “Non me pasaron o bal\u00f3n para marcar, seguro que tampouco queren quedar para ir ao cinema”.<\/li>\n
    14. Perfeccionismo. Cando se realiza un esforzo constante por que unha representaci\u00f3n interna ou externa de perfecci\u00f3n c\u00famprase sen examinar se \u00e9 razoable, moitas veces por evitar unha experiencia subxectiva de fracaso. Exemplo: “Para non marcar gol, mellor nin xogo”, “Se non me sae a comida perfecta \u00e9 mellor ir comer f\u00f3ra”.<\/li>\n
    15. Personalizaci\u00f3n. Cando se asume unha causalidade persoal a unha situaci\u00f3n, evento ou reacci\u00f3ns doutros sen que haxa evidencias que o apoien. Exemplo: “Pepe e Manuel est\u00e1n a rirse, seguro que \u00e9 do meu”, “A profesora m\u00edrame mentres corrixe, seguro que me suspende”.<\/li>\n
    16. Abstracci\u00f3n selectiva. Proceso de focalizarse s\u00f3 nun aspecto, detalle ou situaci\u00f3n negativa, de maneira que se magnifica a s\u00faa importancia pondo a situaci\u00f3n enteira nun contexto negativo. Exemplo: “Son o peor, perd\u00edn a goma de borrar”, “Seguro que suspendo, esquec\u00e9useme o bol\u00edgrafo da sorte”.<\/li>\n
    17. Afirmaci\u00f3ns con “Deber\u00eda”. Son as expectativas ou demandas internas sobre as capacidades ou habilidades persoais ou doutros, pero sen analizar se son razoables no contexto no que se din. Exemplo: “Deber\u00eda darse conta de que estaba mal e non seguir pregunt\u00e1ndome”.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      _<\/p>\n

      Referencias bibliogr\u00e1ficas:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Beck. A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F. y Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression.\u00a0The Guilford Press. Nueva York. Publicado en castellano en Descl\u00e9e De<\/span>
        \nBrower, 1983.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Yurita,C.L. y DiTomasso, R.A. (2004). Cognitive Distorsions. En A. Freeman, S.H. Felgoise,\u00a0A.M. Nezu, C.M. Nezu, M.A. Reinecke (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive\u00a0Behavior Therapy. 117-121. Springer<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Os procesos cognitivos son aquelas regras transformacionales a trav\u00e9s das que os suxeitos seleccionan a informaci\u00f3n que finalmente ser\u00e1 atendida, codificada e almacenada para a s\u00faa posterior recuperaci\u00f3n cando sexa necesaria. Normalmente para realizar esta tarefa o noso cerebro bas\u00e9ase na utilizaci\u00f3n de heur\u00edsticos, que son unhas regras que segue o cerebro de maneira inconsciente […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2071,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[93,8],"tags":[335,46,339,338,337,336,11],"class_list":["post-2070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-salud","category-social","tag-beck","tag-creencias","tag-creencias-irracionales","tag-deberia","tag-depresion","tag-distorsion-cognitiva","tag-psicologia"],"yoast_head":"\nAs 17 distorsi\u00f3ns cognitivas mais frecuentes - PsicoPico<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"(Espa\u00f1ol) Los proceso cognitivos puede dar lugar a sesgos. 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