{"id":1942,"date":"2016-05-09T01:16:42","date_gmt":"2016-05-09T00:16:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/psicopico.com\/?p=1942"},"modified":"2021-01-07T20:46:19","modified_gmt":"2021-01-07T19:46:19","slug":"como-afecta-la-nicotina-al-cerebro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/gl\/como-afecta-la-nicotina-al-cerebro\/","title":{"rendered":"Como afecta a nicotina ao cerebro?"},"content":{"rendered":"A nicotina modifica o funcionamento do cerebro, concretamente act\u00faa sobre os receptores colin\u00e9rgicos de nicotina que forman parte do circu\u00edto de recompensa, liberando dopamina, que \u00e9 o neurotransmisor da motivaci\u00f3n e a recompensa. Ademais, faio de maneira moi r\u00e1pida, entre s\u00f3 10 a 15 segundos \u00e9 transportada desde os pulm\u00f3ns at\u00e9 os seus receptores a trav\u00e9s do torrente sangu\u00edneo. De feito, a forma m\u00e1is r\u00e1pida de levar unha sustancia ao cerebro \u00e9 fum\u00e1ndoa, o cal xera uns efectos moito m\u00e1is fortes de reforzo condicionado. O tabaco \u00e9 a droga que presenta a maior probabilidade de dependencia con tan s\u00f3 probala unha vez (32%).<\/p>\n
A adicci\u00f3n ao tabaco \u00e9 debida, como xa dixemos, \u00e1 liberaci\u00f3n de dopamina, concretamente na zona cerebral do estriado ventral (nucleo accumbens), a chamada v\u00eda da dopamina mesol\u00edmbica, v\u00eda do reforzo e a recompensa do cerebro. Estas zonas act\u00edvanse de forma natural cando realizamos alg\u00fan logro motivante: aprobar un exame, mellorar as marcas deportivas, ga\u00f1ar un partido, experimentar un orgasmo, etc. Son os chamados subidones naturais que xeran nosas propios f\u00e1rmacos naturais sen necesidade de introducilos de forma artificial. Temos nosa propia morfina ou hero\u00edna cerebral: endorfinas; a marihuana cerebral: anandamida, a coca\u00edna ou anfetaminas cerebrais: dopamina; ou do tema que nos ocupa, nosa propia nicotina cerebral: a acetilcolina.<\/p>\n
Cando unha droga consegue activar estas zonas de maneira abusiva e explosiva xeran a adicci\u00f3n. As drogas s\u00e1ltanse os propios neurotransmisores cerebrais e estimulan os receptores destas de maneira que non \u00e9 necesario conseguir a recompensa de forma natural, m\u00e1is a curto prazo e m\u00e1is intensa. Imax\u00ednasche conseguir unha medalla ol\u00edmpica de marat\u00f3n sen necesidade de sa\u00edr a correr? Pois iso \u00e9 o que entende o cerebro cando te fumas un cigarro. Non \u00e9 natural. Non \u00e9 san. D\u00e9ixao e ponche a facer unha actividade reforzante de verdade.<\/p>\n
Ademais, o uso de sustancias non naturais provoca unha maior abstinencia e ans\u00eda polo consumo (craving) entrando nun c\u00edrculo vicioso de preocupaci\u00f3n pola procura da droga, adicci\u00f3n, dependencia e abstinencia. A longo prazo, xa non ser\u00e1 a recompensa que produce a sustancia directamente, sen\u00f3n a anticipaci\u00f3n desta recompensa a que xere o c\u00edrculo vicioso. As neuronas dopamin\u00e9rgicas deixan de responder o est\u00edmulo primario e fano xa directamente ao estimulo condicionado, que pode ser o ambiente por exemplo estar nunha terraza dun bar tomando un caf\u00e9, que incita a acender o cigarro. Neste caso ademais, o aumento de dopamina migra ao estriado dorsal do cerebro.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Agora \u00e9 cando alg\u00fan le isto e di que el non ten adicci\u00f3n ao tabaco e que s\u00f3 fuma cando queira. E pode ser certo, os sistemas de recompensa non son iguais para todo o mundo e poden ter unha natureza m\u00e1is impulsiva ou menos. \u00c9 dicir, hai xente que ga\u00f1a marat\u00f3ns ol\u00edmpicos con menos preparaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica que outro pero que conseguen a mesma recompensa final.<\/p>\n
Que fai a nicotina no cerebro?<\/p>\n
Pois ben, a nicotina, dir\u00edxese principalmente aos receptores colin\u00e9rgicos de nicotina do circu\u00edto de recompensa onde existen dous tipos de receptores de nicotina: o subtipo\u00a0\u03b14\u03b22 \u00a0y el\u00a0y el subtipo \u03b17.<\/p>\n
O obxectivo de fumar a nivel cerebral \u00e9 tentar:<\/p>\n
\n
Desensibilizar todos os receptores nicot\u00ednicos ?4?2.<\/li>\n
Conseguir a m\u00e1xima liberaci\u00f3n de dopamina.<\/li>\n
Previr o craving (ansia por fumar).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Os receptores ?4?2 at\u00f3panse inicialmente en estado de repouso (pechados) e \u00e1brense ao fumar un cigarro liberando dopamina xerando o sentimento de reforzo, pracer e recompensa. Unha vez que se termina o cigarro, estes receptores se desensibilizan polo que non poden funcionar temporalmente reaccionando \u00e1 acelticolina (neurotransmisor natural cerebral) nin \u00e1 propia nicotina. Esta desensibilizaci\u00f3n coincide aproximadamente co que se tarda en inhalar un cigarro est\u00e1ndar. O problema disto \u00e9 que cando se abren, hanse resensibilizado ao seu estado de repouso e queren m\u00e1is reforzo debido \u00e1 falta de liberaci\u00f3n de dopamina. \u00c9 un c\u00edrculo vicioso.<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/h4>\n
Por que os paquetes de tabaco te\u00f1en 20 cigarros?<\/h4>\n
Non por fumar m\u00e1is cigarros vas conseguir m\u00e1is pracer, os receptores p\u00e9chanse s\u00f3 cun e non poden reaccionar at\u00e9 pasado un tempo. Agora pensa, cantos cigarros ten un paquete de tabaco? 20. Cantas horas pasas esperto? unhas 16 horas. Pois \u00e1s tabacaleras ch\u00e9galles con porche 20 cigarros coas porcentaxes adecuadas de nicotina, nin cigarros m\u00e1is grandes nin m\u00e1is curtos, para manter a un fumador medio cos seus receptores de nicotina completamente desensibilizados. \u00c9 un tema de custos de produci\u00f3n. Pensabas que os cigarros ti\u00f1an ese tama\u00f1o por algo aleatorio? T\u00e9\u00f1eno para que fumes un paquete diario sentindo pracer, un cigarro cada 45 minutos. Fumar m\u00e1is xa non xera pracer cerebral e ir\u00e1 vinculado a outro tipo de condicionamento, pero non fisiol\u00f3gico.<\/p>\n
Como dana o cerebro a nicotina?<\/h3>\n
P\u00e9nsacho ben \u00e1 hora de empezar a fumar ou dec\u00eddeche a tentar deixalo xa que fumar acelera o proceso de envellecemento do cerebro e empeora a capacidade para tomar decisi\u00f3ns, resolver problemas ou controlar os impulsos. A causa \u00e9 o adelgazamento da cortiza orbitofrontal do cerebro. Segundo un recente estudo publicado na revista Biological Psychiatry demostrouse que canto m\u00e1is cigarros fuma ao d\u00eda unha persoa e m\u00e1is tempo leva sendo fumadora m\u00e1is adelgaza esta zona cerebral. Isto ademais, est\u00e1 relacionado cun maior risco \u00e1s adicci\u00f3ns. Fumar ten un efecto acumulativo polo que os fumadores cr\u00f3nicos te\u00f1en m\u00e1is dif\u00edcil deixalo. A “boa” noticia, \u00e9 que se descubriu que as persoas que deixan de fumar son capaces de recuperar parte do grosor perdido da s\u00faa cortiza orbitofrontal. Non perdas o tempo e deixa o cigarro.<\/p>\nCorteza orbitofrontal<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
<\/h3>\n
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A nicotina modifica o funcionamento do cerebro, concretamente act\u00faa sobre os receptores colin\u00e9rgicos de nicotina que forman parte do circu\u00edto de recompensa, liberando dopamina, que \u00e9 o neurotransmisor da motivaci\u00f3n e a recompensa. Ademais, faio de maneira moi r\u00e1pida, entre s\u00f3 10 a 15 segundos \u00e9 transportada desde os pulm\u00f3ns at\u00e9 os seus receptores a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1944,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[93],"tags":[421,298,295,294,299,297,11,195,296],"class_list":["post-1942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-salud","tag-adiccion","tag-cerebro","tag-dopamina","tag-farmacologia","tag-fumar","tag-nicotina","tag-psicologia","tag-salud","tag-tabaco"],"yoast_head":"\n
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