{"id":2264,"date":"2025-09-19T11:52:55","date_gmt":"2025-09-19T10:52:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/psicopico.com\/?p=2264"},"modified":"2025-09-24T16:02:42","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T15:02:42","slug":"lenguaje-lengua-y-habla-diferencias-clave-explicadas-desde-la-psicologia-y-la-antropologia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/en\/lenguaje-lengua-y-habla-diferencias-clave-explicadas-desde-la-psicologia-y-la-antropologia\/","title":{"rendered":"Language, tongue and speech: key differences explained from psychology and anthropology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"603\">The confusion between <strong data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"303\">language<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"305\" data-end=\"315\">tongue<\/strong> (or <strong data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"339\">language system<\/strong>) and <strong data-start=\"345\" data-end=\"355\">speech<\/strong> is still common among teachers, students, and even grammar books. They are often used as synonyms, but in reality they are three distinct concepts which, from modern linguistics and evolutionary psychology, have very clear functions and origins.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"605\" data-end=\"879\">In this article, we will explore the <strong data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"694\">differences between language, tongue, and speech<\/strong> from an anthropological and psychological perspective, supported by recent scientific studies and explained in simple terms so you can apply it in your academic or professional life.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"886\" data-end=\"956\">Why is it important to differentiate language, tongue and speech?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"958\" data-end=\"1055\">Distinguishing these three terms is not just an academic whim. Understanding them allows us to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1338\">\n<li data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1135\">\n<p data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1135\">Comprehend how humans developed the <strong data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1132\">universal capacity to communicate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1246\">\n<p data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1246\">Identify which part of that capacity materializes in social systems like <strong data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1243\">English, Spanish, or Quechua<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1338\">\n<p data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1338\">Recognize how each person concretizes those systems in their <strong data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1335\">individual expression<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1572\">Moreover, this distinction clarifies debates in <strong data-start=\"1388\" data-end=\"1457\">education, translation, cognitive psychology, and human evolution<\/strong>, where it is crucial to know what is innate, what is socially learned, and what depends on individual variation.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1579\" data-end=\"1621\">Language: the universal human faculty<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1829\"><strong data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1635\">Language<\/strong> is the <strong data-start=\"1643\" data-end=\"1683\">psychological and biological faculty<\/strong> unique to humans that allows us to <strong data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1760\">learn and produce tongues (languages)<\/strong>. It is not a specific idiom, but rather the capacity we all share.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"1921\">Recent studies demonstrate that this faculty has an evolutionary and neurological basis:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"2277\">\n<li data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"2104\">\n<p data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"2104\">Fitch (2017) points out that language combines genetic and cognitive components shared with other primates, but also uniquely human elements such as <strong data-start=\"2074\" data-end=\"2087\">recursion<\/strong> (Fitch, 2017).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2105\" data-end=\"2277\">\n<p data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2277\">Markov and colleagues (2023) highlight that the language faculty continues to evolve, relying on general cognitive skills such as sequence memory (Markov et al., 2023).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2279\" data-end=\"2527\">In Chomskyan terms, we speak of the <strong data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2363\">Faculty of Language in the Broad Sense (FLB)<\/strong>, which shares abilities with other species, and the <strong data-start=\"2416\" data-end=\"2465\">Faculty of Language in the Narrow Sense (FLN)<\/strong>, considered uniquely human (Hauser, Chomsky &amp; Fitch, 2002).<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2534\" data-end=\"2573\">Tongue: social and cultural system<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2774\">The <strong data-start=\"2579\" data-end=\"2589\">tongue<\/strong> (what we usually call a language, like Spanish or English) is the <strong data-start=\"2656\" data-end=\"2685\">system of signs and rules<\/strong> shared by members of a linguistic community. It is abstract, conventional, and social.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2776\" data-end=\"2812\">Key characteristics of the tongue:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"2814\" data-end=\"3152\">\n<li data-start=\"2814\" data-end=\"2906\">\n<p data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2906\"><strong data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2833\">It is social<\/strong>: it only exists because the community accepts and maintains its norms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2907\" data-end=\"3036\">\n<p data-start=\"2910\" data-end=\"3036\"><strong data-start=\"2910\" data-end=\"2932\">It is conventional<\/strong>: signs are arbitrary; for example, the word <em data-start=\"2977\" data-end=\"2984\">table<\/em> has no natural connection to the object it names.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3037\" data-end=\"3152\">\n<p data-start=\"3040\" data-end=\"3152\"><strong data-start=\"3040\" data-end=\"3060\">It is structured<\/strong>: it contains grammatical, phonological, and semantic rules that all speakers internalize.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"3154\" data-end=\"3392\">Moreover, studies on <strong data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3194\">semantic change<\/strong> show that tongues evolve in predictable ways: more frequent words change more slowly than less common ones (Hamilton et al., 2016). This reflects the collective and changing nature of the tongue.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3399\" data-end=\"3438\">Speech: the individual realization<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3440\" data-end=\"3628\"><strong data-start=\"3440\" data-end=\"3450\">Speech<\/strong> is the <strong data-start=\"3458\" data-end=\"3496\">concrete and individual expression<\/strong> of the tongue in a given context. Every time we talk, write, or express an idea, we are <strong data-start=\"3585\" data-end=\"3598\">executing<\/strong> the tongue in a unique way.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3630\" data-end=\"3661\">Its main characteristics are:<strong data-start=\"3665\" data-end=\"3685\">It is individual<\/strong>: it depends on each speaker\u2019s style, accent, emotional state, and physical conditions.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3663\" data-end=\"3863\">\n<li data-start=\"3775\" data-end=\"3863\">\n<p data-start=\"3777\" data-end=\"3863\"><strong data-start=\"3777\" data-end=\"3795\">It is concrete<\/strong>: it occurs in specific times and places, with constant variation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3865\" data-end=\"4110\">From the perspective of psychology of language, speech is crucial because it reveals how individuals apply their linguistic knowledge. Even mistakes or innovations in individual speech can, over time, influence and transform the shared tongue.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"4117\" data-end=\"4168\">Comparative table: language, tongue and speech<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4170\" data-end=\"5042\">\n<thead data-start=\"4170\" data-end=\"4276\">\n<tr data-start=\"4170\" data-end=\"4276\">\n<th data-start=\"4170\" data-end=\"4184\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"4172\" data-end=\"4183\">Concept<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4184\" data-end=\"4197\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"4186\" data-end=\"4196\">Nature<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4197\" data-end=\"4227\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"4199\" data-end=\"4226\">Universal vs particular<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4227\" data-end=\"4260\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"4229\" data-end=\"4259\">Relation to the individual<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4260\" data-end=\"4276\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4274\">Examples<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"4384\" data-end=\"5042\">\n<tr data-start=\"4384\" data-end=\"4628\">\n<td data-start=\"4384\" data-end=\"4399\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"4386\" data-end=\"4398\">Language<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4399\" data-end=\"4456\" data-col-size=\"md\">Psychological and biological faculty for communication<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4456\" data-end=\"4486\" data-col-size=\"md\">Universal, unique to humans<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4486\" data-end=\"4562\" data-col-size=\"md\">All individuals possess it, with variations in development and efficiency<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4562\" data-end=\"4628\" data-col-size=\"md\">Child language acquisition, neurological studies on processing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4629\" data-end=\"4841\">\n<td data-start=\"4629\" data-end=\"4642\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"4631\" data-end=\"4641\">Tongue<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4642\" data-end=\"4677\" data-col-size=\"md\">Social system of signs and rules<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4677\" data-end=\"4732\" data-col-size=\"md\">Particular to each community (e.g. English, Spanish)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4732\" data-end=\"4783\" data-col-size=\"md\">Each person acquires it as a member of a culture<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4783\" data-end=\"4841\" data-col-size=\"md\">Spanish grammar, English vocabulary, regional dialects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4842\" data-end=\"5042\">\n<td data-start=\"4842\" data-end=\"4855\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4854\">Speech<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4855\" data-end=\"4884\" data-col-size=\"md\">Concrete use of the tongue<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4884\" data-end=\"4921\" data-col-size=\"md\">Entirely particular and contextual<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4921\" data-end=\"4988\" data-col-size=\"md\">It is the individual expression, varying by situation and person<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4988\" data-end=\"5042\" data-col-size=\"md\">Everyday conversations, speeches, personal writing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5091\">Competence, performance and the brain<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5093\" data-end=\"5346\">Modern linguistics also distinguishes between <strong data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5153\">competence<\/strong> (the internal knowledge of the tongue) and <strong data-start=\"5197\" data-end=\"5212\">performance<\/strong> (the actual use of speech). This distinction, proposed by Chomsky, coincides with Saussure\u2019s distinction between tongue and speech.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5348\" data-end=\"5590\">A study by Caucheteux et al. (2021) shows that the brain processes language in different hierarchical levels (syntactic, semantic, narrative), which aligns with the difference between <strong data-start=\"5532\" data-end=\"5554\">knowing the tongue<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"5559\" data-end=\"5587\">putting it into practice<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"5597\" data-end=\"5612\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5614\" data-end=\"5706\">Differentiating between <strong data-start=\"5638\" data-end=\"5670\">language, tongue, and speech<\/strong> is not just a theoretical detail:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5708\" data-end=\"5982\">\n<li data-start=\"5708\" data-end=\"5804\">\n<p data-start=\"5710\" data-end=\"5804\"><strong data-start=\"5710\" data-end=\"5722\">Language<\/strong> is the <strong data-start=\"5730\" data-end=\"5751\">universal faculty<\/strong> that allows us to acquire and use complex symbols.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5805\" data-end=\"5892\">\n<p data-start=\"5807\" data-end=\"5892\">The <strong data-start=\"5811\" data-end=\"5821\">tongue<\/strong> is the <strong data-start=\"5829\" data-end=\"5846\">shared system<\/strong> of a community, with rules and conventions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5893\" data-end=\"5982\">\n<p data-start=\"5895\" data-end=\"5982\"><strong data-start=\"5895\" data-end=\"5905\">Speech<\/strong> is the <strong data-start=\"5913\" data-end=\"5941\">individual manifestation<\/strong> of that tongue in concrete situations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5984\" data-end=\"6203\">Being able to distinguish them is essential in education, translation, anthropology, and cognitive psychology. It also helps us understand how human language evolved and how it continues to transform within societies.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"6210\" data-end=\"6225\">References<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"6227\" data-end=\"7426\">\n<li data-start=\"6227\" data-end=\"6440\">\n<p data-start=\"6229\" data-end=\"6440\">Caucheteux, C., Gramfort, A., &amp; King, J.-R. (2021). Model-based analysis of brain activity reveals the hierarchy of language in 305 subjects. <em data-start=\"6371\" data-end=\"6404\">arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.06078<\/em>. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2110.06078?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"6406\" data-end=\"6438\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2110.06078<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6441\" data-end=\"6620\">\n<p data-start=\"6443\" data-end=\"6620\">Christiansen, M. H., &amp; Chater, N. (2015). The language faculty that wasn&#8217;t: A usage-based account. <em data-start=\"6542\" data-end=\"6570\">Frontiers in Psychology, 6<\/em>, 1182. <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"6578\" data-end=\"6618\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01182<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6621\" data-end=\"6790\">\n<p data-start=\"6623\" data-end=\"6790\">Fitch, W. T. (2017). Empirical approaches to the study of language evolution. <em data-start=\"6701\" data-end=\"6736\">Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review, 24<\/em>(1), 3\u201333. <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"6747\" data-end=\"6788\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-017-1236-5<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6791\" data-end=\"7043\">\n<p data-start=\"6793\" data-end=\"7043\">Hamilton, W. L., Leskovec, J., &amp; Jurafsky, D. (2016). Diachronic word embeddings reveal statistical laws of semantic change. <em data-start=\"6918\" data-end=\"7007\">Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics<\/em>. <a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1605.09096?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7009\" data-end=\"7041\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1605.09096<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7044\" data-end=\"7249\">\n<p data-start=\"7046\" data-end=\"7249\">Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., &amp; Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? <em data-start=\"7169\" data-end=\"7183\">Science, 298<\/em>(5598), 1569\u20131579. <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7202\" data-end=\"7247\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.298.5598.1569<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7250\" data-end=\"7426\">\n<p data-start=\"7252\" data-end=\"7426\">Markov, I., Kruglova, N., &amp; Gusev, A. (2023). Language: Its origin and ongoing evolution. <em data-start=\"7342\" data-end=\"7371\">Frontiers in Psychology, 14<\/em>, 1173983. <a class=\"decorated-link cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"7382\" data-end=\"7424\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1173983<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The confusion between language, tongue (or language system) and speech is still common among teachers, students, and even grammar books. They are often used as synonyms, but in reality they are three distinct concepts which, from modern linguistics and evolutionary psychology, have very clear functions and origins. In this article, we will explore the differences [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10102,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[310,8],"tags":[765,36,508,830,377,311,11],"class_list":["post-2264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lenguaje","category-social","tag-antropologia","tag-aprendizaje","tag-evolucion","tag-habla","tag-lengua","tag-lenguaje","tag-psicologia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Language, tongue and speech: key differences explained from psychology and anthropology - PsicoPico<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/psicopico.com\/lenguaje-lengua-y-habla-diferencias-clave-explicadas-desde-la-psicologia-y-la-antropologia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Language, tongue and speech: key differences explained from psychology and anthropology - PsicoPico\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The confusion between language, tongue (or language system) and speech is still common among teachers, students, and even grammar books. They are often used as synonyms, but in reality they are three distinct concepts which, from modern linguistics and evolutionary psychology, have very clear functions and origins. 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